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This chapter handles problems arising for programmers and compiler-users only.
| 1.1 What documentation do I need as an Amiga programmer? | ||
| 1.2 What is CATS? | ||
| 1.3 Where do I get the Amiga includes? | Where do I get the Amiga include files? | |
| 1.4 How do I become a developer? | ||
| 1.5 What compilers (assemblers) are there? | ||
| 1.6 Those never working Esc sequences! | ||
| 1.7 Is it possible to use AmigaBasic on the A1200? | ||
| 1.8 How do I localize my program? | ||
| 1.9 How to obtain a pointer to a console’s window | ||
| 1.10 What are pragmas? | ||
| 1.11 My Compiler/Linker is complaining about missing symbol xxx. | My Compiler/Linker is complaining about missing symbols. | |
| 1.12 Where do I find the function xxx? | How can I find out which functions are available? | |
| • The GNU C compiler | The GNU C compiler: general information and installation |
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The best information available are the RKMs (ROM Kernel Manuals), 3rd edition, by Commodore, published by Addison-Wesley:
The Amiga ROM Kernel Manual: Libraries, ISBN 0-201-56774-1
The Amiga ROM Kernel Manual: Devices, ISBN 0-201-56775-X
The Amiga ROM Kernel Manual: Includes and Autodocs, ISBN
0-201-56773-3
The Amiga Hardware Manual, ISBN 0-201-56776-8
The Amiga User Interface Style Guide, ISBN 0-201-57757-7
Especially the RKM: Libraries is a must. The RKM: Includes and Autodocs isn’t that much worth: Better get the same stuff on disk instead to have it online. See section Where do I get the Amiga includes?.
AmigaDOS isn’t included in these books. The Autodocs give much information, but to go deeper you probably need
The AmigaDOS Manual, 3rd Edition, ISBN 0-553-35403-5
published by Bantam Books.
A better choice for developers is
The Amiga Guru Book
by Ralph Babel. The book starts with a survey on different aspects of programming the Amiga. (About 250 pages) Useful for beginners are the sections on the Amiga’s data types (not to be confused with the 3.x DataTypes used by MultiView, for example), the Includes and the amiga.lib. But even experienced programmers will find useful things here that are missing in the RKMs. But the largest part are about 500 pages on AmigaDOS and, as I think, the most important, because AmigaDOS is the worst officially documented part of the OS. The book is rather concise and hence not as easy to read as the RKMs, but I recommend it as an addition and instead of the AmigaDOS manual. (Not, however, a replacement for the Libraries and Devices, which aren’t covered here.) Unfortunately the book has no ISBN and is available in special stores only. But there are some mail order companies which offer it for about 50$ and which accept credit cards:
Almathera Systems Limited
Southerton House
NBG USA, Inc. Boundary Business Court
482 Holly Avenue 92-94 Church Road
St. Paul, MN 55102 Mitcham, Surrey CR4 3TD
USA England
Voice: +1 (612) 290 9447 Voice: +44 181 687 0040
Fax: +1 (612) 290 9449 Fax: +44 181 687 0490
E-Mail: <almathera@cix.compulink.co.uk>
Stefan Ossowskis Schatztruhe
Hirsch & Wolf OHG Gesellschaft für Software mbH
Mittelstraße 33 Veronikastraße 33
D-56564 Neuwied D-45131 Essen
Germany Germany
Voice: +49 (2631) 8399-0 Voice: +49 (201) 788778
Fax: +49 (2631) 8399-31 Fax: +49 (201) 798447
E-Mail: <stefano@tchest.e.eunet.de>
Someware
27 rue Gabriel Péri
59186 Anor
France
Voice: +33 27596000
Fax: +33 27595206
E-Mail: <didierj@swad.someware.com>
@xref{FAQs}.
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This is a department at Commodore West Chester which was formerly named
Commodore Amiga Technical Support and was later renamed
Commodore Application and Technical Support. These are people that
work independently of Engineering, but close together with them, and try
to help developers outside of Commodore to create nice Amiga applications,
software or hardware. To achieve this, CATS has gathered a lot of informations
and tools, on floppy, CD, or paper. Much of this material is also available
to the general public. (1) But don’t
mix this up with some sort of Hotline for everyone!
For Americans the address to get this material is
CATS
Commodore Electronics Limited
950 Rittenhouse Road
Norristown, PA 19403
for all Europeans it’s a company in Germany:
Fa. Hirsch & Wolf
Mittelstr. 33
56564 Neuwied
Tel. 02631/83990
Dr. Peter Kittel, peterk@cbmger.de.so.commodore.com
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The only legal way to get the includes and autodocs (and you should
get them, they are very useful!) is to become a developer
(see section How do I become a developer?) or to buy the NDU (Native developers update kit,
also known as NDUK or NDK), which is offered by CATS. They cost
about 30$ plus shipping and this seems to me to be a fair price. See section What is CATS?.
The current version is 3.1.
If you need only the includes, you could get them as well with a compiler (commercial compilers only) or by getting the Fresh Fish CD. @xref{Fish CD}.
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You need the ADSP (Amiga Developer Support Program) documents. To get
this write a letter to your local Commodore branch asking for these documents.
Everything else should be explained there. The german address (for the
US address see section What is CATS?) is
Commodore
Lyoner Strasse 38
60528 Frankfurt
There are three different developer versions:
developers get access to the CBMNET (kind of a Commodore-internal Usenet), which makes it possible to discuss problems with other developers, Commodore engineers included. Registered developers pay about US$80 per year, plus initial US$30 initially.
developers seem to me the most interesting claass: They have the possibility copy the most beta versions of the system software (Kickstart and Workbench) and the respective Includes and AutoDocs. (Not all beta versions and especially no beta hardware.) You pay about US$250 per year plus US$50 initially for this.
developers finally have in most details the same as certified developers, but may expect to get more beta versions and sooner, included beta hardware (This has not always been so in the past.), hencethey pay about US$400 plus US$50 initially.
The above describes the prices and the situation in Germany and might be different elsewhere. Especially not all Commodore branches offer the registered status. A hint is to build a group of users and become a developer group, so the costs are reduced.
All developers have to sign non-disclosure agreements (NDA) which specify
that we may not discuss information outside of authorized areas even
to other developers until given explicit permission by Commodore.
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There is a lot of programming languages on the Amiga, commercial as well as freely distributable. I will enumerate only those that I know or which seem it worth to me otherwise.
All C-compilers have an Assembler included. Freely distributable are A68K and PhxAss (directory ‘dev/asm’ on Aminet or Fish disks 521 and 906)
Commercial Assemblers are MaxonASM, OMA3.0 and DevPack3.14.
The following commercial Basic-compiler/interpreter are available: BlitzBasic2, Amos and MaxonBasic3.
Freely distributable C-compilers are gcc (which has its own directory
‘dev/gcc’ on Aminet) and the evaluation version of
Dice (for example per FTP from ftp.uni-paderborn.de, directory
‘/news/comp.binaries.amiga/volume91/languages’ or on Fish disk 491).
The advantage of gcc is that you find gcc versions all over the
world and on all computer systems. Another advantage is that C++ is included
into gcc! But it is slow and needs 4Mb of RAM or more.
@xref{The GNU C compiler}.
@xref{Mailing lists}.
Commercial C compilers are Aztec-C, Dice, SAS/C
amd MaxonC++.
Aztec-C doesn’t seem to get further development any more.
It should be remarked that the commercial compilers have especially wonderful
debugging utilities (Source level debuggers!) that the others are missing.
SAS has announced to drop support of the Amiga-Compiler, too, due to the Amiga’s bad situation. However, the compiler is still available and up-to-date and has a crosscompiler included, which translates C++ to C and supports the source level debugger too. Considering the price of just 99$ for students and updates from recent versions or other compilers it is still the most recommendable of the three. In europe the compiler is available from
SAS Institute, Inc. SAS Institute Gmbh
Book Sales PO Box 10 53 40
SAS Campus Drive 69043 Heidelberg
Cary, NC 27513 Germany
USA
Phone: (919)677-8000 Phone: (49)6221-4160
EMail: sasdsb@vm.sas.com EMail: eurdoc2@vm.sas.com
Dice is the cheapest and fastest commercial compiler. The greatest disadvantage of Dice (compared to the other commercial compilers) is the so-called Source-Line-Debugger: This means that you see the current line of source and can execute the program step by step, like with the other debuggers. On the other hand you can examine memory only, not the variables. To get information about DICE, send email to info@oic.COM. An automatic system will return complete details, including upgrade prices.
Comeau C++ is a crosscompiler like SAS/C++. That wouldn’t be a problem, but Comeau C++ doesn’t have a C compiler included. You need SAS/C, Aztec-C or Dice additionally. But it is AT&T cfront 3.0 compliant and supports exceptions. And like gcc it runs on many platforms. Maxxon C++ is offered in Germany. I cannot say anything on it. Both compilers are commercial. Comeau’s address is:
Comeau computing
91-34, 120th Street
Richmond Hill, NY, 11418-3214
USA
EMail: Greg Comeau, comeau@bix.com
Maxon C++ is both a C++ and a C compiler. There is a light version and a developer version. The developer version matches the AT&T standard 3.0. Maxon-light includes a compiler and a editor. Developer includes a source level debugger, Amiga classes library and Hot Help with documentation to the amiga libs. It is a german product, and compiler and documentation are german. The compiler has some little bugs, but you can work with it well, anyway.
JForth is said to be an excellent Amiga port of Forth. Among its advantages are object oriented extensions, full Amiga interface and an application generator. It is available from:
Delta Research
P.O. Box 151051
San Rafael, CA 94915-1051
Phone: (415) 453-4320
EMail: Phil Burk, phil@ntg.com
Mike Haas, haas@starnine.com
(Sigh! Still people who need it :-<) Freely distributable are BCF (Fish disk 470) and f2c, a Fortran to C converter (Aminet, directory ‘/dev/lang’). A commercial compiler is offered from ABSoft. All these are Fortran 77 compilers, I don’t know any Fortran 90 compiler on the Amiga.
Freely distributable Lisp interpreters are XLisp (Fish disk 181) and OakLisp (Fish disks 519 and 520) and CLISP (‘/pub/lisp/clisp/binaries/amiga’ at the server ‘ftp ma2s2.mathematik.uni-karlsruhe.de’). Lisp compilers are Gambit (Fish 764 and 765) and Scheme-to-C (Fish disks 556, 557 and 558). @xref{Mailing lists}.
‘/dev/lang/UNSWProlog.lha’ and ‘dev/lang/sbp3_1e.lha’ on Aminet as well as ‘SBProlog’ on Fish disk 141 and ‘SBProlog’ on Fish disk 145 are freely distributable Prolog interpreters.
M2Amiga is offered in Europe, Benchmark Modula-2 in the U.S. Both are said to be very good, have a powerful source-level-debugger, a large library. Especially M2Amiga has great support by a german user-group (AMOK) which for example offers own PD disks. @xref{Mailing lists}.
M2Amiga is offered by:
A+L AG
Daderiz 61
2540 Grenchen
Schweiz
Tel.: +41/65/52 03-11
Fax: -79
Benchmark Modula-2 is available from:
Armadillo Computing
5225 Marymount Drive
Austin, Texas 78723
USA
Phone/FAX: 512/926-0360.
EMail: Jim Olinger, jolinger@bix.com
Two compilers (both Oberon-2) are available: AmigaOberon (commercial) is offered by the same company as M2Amiga. It is integrated into a full developers environment and has a large library of modules. Library linker and source level debugger are available.
Oberon-A is a Freeware compiler. (Source: Aminet, ‘dev/obero’ directory) However, this is a beta release, especially the module library is limited. @xref{Mailing lists}.
The AMOK user group supports AmiOberon as well as M2Amiga.
In addition to these two standalone compilers which are thought mainly for creating AmigaOS applications, there is an Amiga port of the Oberon Sytem V4, too. The Oberon System is implemented as an AmigaOS-Task using a separate screen and includes an Oberon-2 compiler. You can use it to write software that will work on all implementations of the Oberon System V4 (for example Macintosh, Windows or Sparc) without any changes.
There is a PD-compiler called PCQ (Directory ‘dev/lang’ on Aminet or Fish disk 511). It doesn’t support all of Pascal and major features are missing. P2C, a pascal to C converter is on disk 341. (Aminet: ‘/dev/misc/p2c120.lha’) Additionally there are two commercial compilers called HiSoft Pascal and KickPascal. HiSoft Pascal and P2C claim to be compatible to Turbo Pascal up to 5.0. HiSoft has a source level debugger included.
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Many printers come with a manual that explains which <Esc> sequence causes
which action on the printer. But there happen weird things when you try
to send these sequences to your printer, either it does nothing, or it
does something completely different. There is a reason, the Amiga
printer drivers. These drivers are made in a way that they only understand
a certain set of ANSI Esc sequences, not the special ones
defined (differently) by the various printer manufacturers. The purpose
is that every application on the Amiga just uses this one standard set
of control sequences and this way doesn’t need to know which printer is
actually connected. The printer driver then translates these standard
sequences into the special sequences a certain printer understands.
A list of the available ANSI Esc sequences is found in the current
Workbench manuals (or older AmigaDOS manuals). Now if you want to issue
a control sequence to the printer that’s not available as an ANSI
command, you have two possibilities to achieve this:
‘Esc[<n>"<x>’
where ‘<n>’ is the decimally typed number of bytes in the string ‘<x>’, which actually contains your special printer sequence. This ANSI sequence tells the printer driver to not interpret or translate the next ‘<n>’ bytes.
But both methods have one big disadvantage when used in an application program: You lose the printer independency! If you stick to ANSI sequen- ces, you can output to any printer on earth, as long as there is an Amiga printer driver for it. If you start to use special control sequences, your program will be tied to this single printer model and will not be usefull for any other (or you would have to provide some dozen new printer drivers for your application).
Dr. Peter Kittel, peterk@cbmger.de.so.commodore.com
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We heard conflicting reports about AmigaBasic on the A1200: While I said that you can work sufficiently with it, others said that this isn’t possible, as AmigaBasic crashes on the slightest little error. I couldn’t reproduce this.
Now I can. It depends on the setting in the Sound Prefs editor. When you activate a sound there, this conflicts with sound that AmigaBasic tries to produce by hand and obviously not quite the correct way itself.
Easy solution: To work with AmigaBasic on the A1200, just
Dr. Peter Kittel, peterk@cbmger.de.so.commodore.co
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Suggest, you want to write a HelloLocalWorld.c. Your final program
will look like this:
#include "HelloLocalWorld_Cat.h"
#include <clib/exec_protos.h>
struct Library *LocaleBase;
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
/* Open the locale.library. No kill, if not successfull.
(Just use the builtin catalog strings instead.) Note, that
we open locale.library here, even if our compiler supports
AutoOpening.
*/
LocaleBase = OpenLibrary("locale.library", 38);
OpenHelloLocalWorldCatalogs(NULL, NULL);
printf(GetString(MSG_Hello));
CloseHelloLocalWorldCatalog();
if (LocaleBase) CloseLibrary(LocaleBase);
}
The routine GetString checks, if the wished catalogs are available and returns a pointer to either the builtin string or the catalog string. (In my case the german string.)
You see, the main difference besides the minor opening and closing stuff (OpenLibrary, OpenHelloLocalWorldCatalogs, ...) (which too can be dropped, too, with FlexCat) is to replace strings with a function call. Hence we need a file ‘HelloLocalWorld_Cat.c’, which holds OpenHelloLocalWorld, GetString, CloseHelloLocalWorld and the builtin strings (this could be an array, where
array[MSG_Hello] = "Hello, local world.\n";
is defined) and an include file ‘HelloLocalWorld_Cat.h’, which defines
the message ID’s like MSG_Hello. You don’t need to know, how these files
work internally, especially you don’t need to know locale.library!
There are some catalog generators (in what follows: CGs) available
(‘CatComp’, for devlopers only, KitCat, german docs only,
‘MakeCat’, which I don’t know and FlexCat, which I recommend,
because it is most flexible in the generated source and supports catalogs
on 2.0 and any language, even Amiga-E, Cluster, Pascal, ... and besides
that: I’m the author ;-) are tools, that create HelloLocalWorld_Cat.h,
HelloLocalWorld_Cat.c and the real catalogs for you. (The above code might
differ slightly between the different CGs.) (See Aminet, directory
‘dev/misc’.)
Of course they need to know how to use them. First create a so-called
catalog-description file. This could look like this:
; Lines beginning with a semicolon are comment lines.
# language english
; the language of the builtin strings
# version 0
; the catalog version (0 = any)
MSG_Hello (1/15/30)
Hello, local world
Any string is defined by a line like the last two lines above: MSG_Hello is the message-ID, (1/15/30) says, that the value of MSG_Hello should be 1 (you may omit this, in which case just the next free number is used) and the string must not be shorter than 15 characters or longer than 30 characters. (These may be omitted too.)
Now write your program. Once you are ready, use the CGs to create a so-called catalog translation file. (One for any language different than the builtin.) In my case (german) this could look like this:
; Lines beginning with a semicolon are comment lines.
## language deutsch
; the catalog language (german)
## version $VER: Deutsch.catalog 1.0 (22.12.93)
; the catalog files version string
MSG_Hello
; Hello, local world
Note the empty line after the message ID. (The arguments of ## language and ## version would be missing as well.) You have to fill in the german strings here. Again using the CGs you create a catalog file from this. Additionally note, that no informations on the strings ID or length are behind MSG_Hello. They are taken from the catalog description file.
Once you change the program (adding strings, changing the string length) you change the catalog description as well, use the CGs in the same way to update the catalog translation and hence the catalogs.
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The following function returns the window pointer of a CON window. It can be executed safely under all versions of the Amiga’s OS.
struct Window *getConWindowPtr(BPTR fh)
{
struct Window *w;
struct FileHandle *cfh;
struct StandardPacket *sp;
struct InfoData *id;
struct MsgPort *mp;
w = NULL;
if ((cfh = BADDR(fh))->fh_Type != NULL) {
if (sp = AllocMem(sizeof (struct StandardPacket),
MEMF_PUBLIC | MEMF_CLEAR)) {
if (id = AllocMem(sizeof (struct InfoData),
MEMF_PUBLIC | MEMF_CLEAR)) {
if (mp = CreatePort(NULL, 0)) {
sp->sp_Msg.mn_Node.ln_Name = (char *) &sp->sp_Pkt;
sp->sp_Pkt.dp_Link = &sp->sp_Msg;
sp->sp_Pkt.dp_Port = mp;
sp->sp_Pkt.dp_Type = ACTION_DISK_INFO;
sp->sp_Pkt.dp_Arg1 = MKBADDR(id);
PutMsg(cfh->fh_Type, &sp->sp_Msg);
(void) WaitPort(mp);
(void) GetMsg(mp);
if (sp->sp_Pkt.dp_Res1)
w = (struct Window *) id->id_VolumeNode;
DeletePort(mp);
}
FreeMem(id, sizeof (struct InfoData));
}
FreeMem(sp, sizeof (struct StandardPacket));
}
}
return w;
}
Notes:
For more information, please refer to pages 273, 276, 435, 463, 485, and 629 in "The Amiga Guru Book" (see section What documentation do I need as an Amiga programmer?).
Ralph Babel, rbabel@babylon.pfm-mainz.de
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Pragmas are special compiler commmands which control certain features of a C-compiler. Two problems arise when using pragmas:
#ifndef MY_COMPILER
#pragma DoAnything
#endif
A workaround is to put pragmas in a special include file (BTW, the same holds true for statements like #asm (Aztec-C) or #extern (C++) and replace the above with
#ifndef MY_COMPILER
#include <mypragmas.h>
#endif
But what do pragmas on the Amiga? The most common usage (not the only,
but most meant when talking about pragmas)
is to tell the compiler about how to call library functions: Simple C
functions expect their arguments on the stack, but library functions
want their arguments in special processor registers and additionally
the library base in register a6. Lets have a look at a pragma command
of the Aztec-Compiler.
#pragma amicall(SysBase,0xd2,FreeMem(a1,d0))
This tells the compiler to put the first argument of FreeMem in register a1, the second in register d0 and the value of the variable SysBase in register a6. Maxons pragmas look the same, Dice pragmas and SAS pragmas look a bit more complicated;
#pragma libcall SysBase FreeMem d2 0902
Here d2 is (like 0xd2 above) the library vector offset (see below), the
digits 09 are codes for the argument register in reversed order (Register
codes are 0=d0, 1=d1, .., 8=a0, 9=a1, a=a2, ..), the following 0 is the
result’s registerä(always d0))and the final digit 2 is the number of
arguments.
A command ‘FreeMem(fib,sizeof(*fib);’ could produce the following code, if the compiler has seen a pragma statement like above:
move.l _fib,a1
move.l 260,d1 ; sizeof(struct FileInfoBlock)
move.l _SysBase,a6
jsr -0xd2(a6) ; 0xd2 = _LVOFreeMem
Calling FreeMem in that way is shorter and faster than pushing the arguments on the stack, calling a function _FreeMem which would do just the same like the above code by pulling the arguments from the stack.
The best way to use pragmas is to include statements like the following in your program:
/* SAS/C, Dice and GNU-c (since version 2.6.1) make it */
/* very simple: */
#if defined(__SASC) || defined(_DCC) || defined(__GNUC__)
#include <proto/exec.h>
#else
/* Get the prototype for the function; note, that this */
/* is compiler independent. */
#include <clib/exec_protos.h>
/* Get the pragma; compiler dependent, but most pragmas */
/* are in files with the same name. */
#ifdef AZTEC_C
#include <pragmas/exec_lib.h>
#elif defined(__MAXON__)
#include <pragmas/exec_pragmas.h>
#endif
/* Declare the SysBase variable */
extern struct ExecBase *SysBase;
#endif
The above example can be compiled on all these compilers and produce the best code. (Besides, the proto/*.h-files do nothing else than reading clib/*_protos.h and pragmas/*_pragmas.h with #include and then declare the SysBase variable.)
A final question arises: How to get the pragmas? Most compilers have them
included. However, sometimes you want to produce pragmas for yourself,
for example if you are using new libraries or new versions with additional
functions. In that case you can produce them from the so-called FD
files which should be a part of the developer docs of the library. (The NDU
has a directory FD which contains FD files for all libraries and devices
of the OS. see section Where do I get the Amiga includes?) Most compilers have a utility with the name
‘fd2pragma’ or similar included which can do that for you. A freely
distributable version which can produce pragmas for Aztec, Dice, SAS and
Maxon as well as LVO files for assembler and stub routines for the tag
versions is available on Aminet (‘dev/misc/fd2pragma2_0.lha’ and on the
Fish CDs.
For pragmas under gcc see @ref{Inline Headers}.
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First be sure, that the function is really missing: For example floating point functions are in a special link library and you need a linker option like ‘-lm’ to include it into your program. Another possibility would be that you are using a library function and didn’t notice it. This might lead to a missing library base, ‘IntuitionBase’ for example. In that case just put something like
struct Library *IntuitionBase;
somewhere in the global part of your program. (Don’t forget to call OpenLibrary() and CloseLibrary! :-)
However, you could as well use a function which really isn’t present in your library at all. If you have, for example, an amiga.lib from 2.0 you would hardly find the locale functions or the pool memory functions. (3) Best solution is to get the NDU (see section Where do I get the Amiga includes?), but you probably don’t want to wait for it. In that case you have to find what kind of function you are missing.
#include <clib/dos_protos.h>
#include <pragmas/dos_pragmas.h> /* Probably wrong name */
void *AllocDosObjectTags(ULONG objtype, Tag tag1, ...)
{ return(AllocDosObject(objtype, (struct TagItem *) &tag1);
}
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If you are not sure about the name of the appropriate function for a certain job or in which library to find it, you can search in these places:
Dr. Peter Kittel, peterk@cbmger.de.so.commodore.com
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Which means: For Non-Developers.
If you have a turbo board
This problem arises most frequently for owners of Aztec which is no longer supported and owners of Dice, which has sometimes rather incomplete libraries. I own both ...
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